中国60年的成就、变化（英文版）

Military war: the seven basic victory campaign. Vietnam, the Soviet Union, for India and the United States and so on.

Military science and technology: the nuclear bomb was detonated successfully, rockets and satellites into space, God 6 heaven, Godson Research and Development and so on.

The rest of technology: Many ethnic Chinese Nobel Prize, Chinese scientists in certain high-tech leader in the research world, but the basis of scientific and technological level still lagging behind developed countries in Europe and the United States.

Political status: the United Nations, one of the five Standing Committee, with the growth of national strength, China's international status is rising.

The economy: the reform and opening up and rapid economic development, and gradually make the country rich people (also no final completed).

Social and cultural: Although the education system is wrong, but higher than the level before the founding of a countless number of times, all kinds of art to do more higher level, gradually gain a firm foothold in the international arena. 。 People's educational level has improved greatly. 。 Expo is also held in China.

Film culture: This goes without saying that I had it, raising the level of the domestic film and television production for all to see ah, 10 years ago, where there are so many TV shows can be a rich think? Artistic level is also improving. Folk art is also protected.

Sport: the China's achievements are too brilliant, and had successive top three human Olympics, China's advantages of the project to dominate humanity. Recent Liu Xiang, Yao Ming, there are more cows than the project on ice in the world has a huge influence. Gradually organize world-class major sporting events: Olympic Games, F1, Asia will be so very large.

Territory: the recovery of Hong Kong and Macao.

The national self-confidence, on: With the growth of national strength and people are getting richer, more confident, more and more stress. But recently, there is the extreme rise of xenophobic nationalism, which is not irrational angry, young, also had a social impact of a certain national sentiment. This is China's social stability and development in the negative. We now can not have a strong nationalism. 。 Are not ripe.

Political system: in general is also progress.

。 In general, in these areas, but the political system is still far from perfect, corruption is serious. The ruling party is also working to achieve democracy.Believed that national strength increases, we are China's future will be better.

1, bio-technology - Biological Sciences (1), 1965, Chinese scientists in the world for the first time deciphering bovine insulin gene successfully synthesized the insulin. Nobel Committee Chairmancommented: "more convincing than the nuclear capability of insulin. Because people can learn from books build an atomic bomb, but not from books, learned how to make insulin ... ..." (2) April 15, 1998, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry successfully applied method of recombinant human pancreatic hormone genes. (3) (3) March 9, 1984, our young scholars and scholars in cooperation with the Japanese rising sun dried, bred the world's first child "test-tube goat", 1989, "test-tube sheep" was successfully cultivated. (4) (4) is the world's known as the "father of hybrid rice" Yuan Longping, in 1973, said the world's first hybrid rice bred Indica. Until 90 years, the impact of hybrid rice continues. - Genetic engineering (5) from 1980 onwards, by the Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, in cooperation with the milk containing human clotting factor IX transgenic sheep, a major breakthrough in research, so that our transgenic goat technology is leading level. (6) a growth of material consumption is low, meat is good, strong disease-resistant genetically modified pigs from Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences Animal Husbandry of the successful cultivation of the gene into overall efficiency 2.1% higher than in foreign countries more than doubled, above the international advanced level. (7) in the gene drugs, in 1988, China successfully developed genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine; in 1992 they developed hepatitis A and hepatitis C successfully treated with special curative effects of interferon and a number of synthetic artificial genetic engineering drugs, some of which Drugs have been entering the market.

Second, agricultural technology (8) as early as 1956, farmers in Guangdong Province, China, breeding experts on the breed the first large-scale promotion of a dwarf indica rice varieties.Since then, as a series of short-stalked varieties bred and promotion, in 1965, China has basically realized the southern rice region of indica rice dwarf, per mu yield by 200-250 kilograms to 300-350 kg. (9) 90 years, China's agricultural scientists to use modern biotechnology to clone isolated photosensitive genic male-sterile gene, and further developed using only male sterile lines and maintainer lines of the two-line hybrid rice technology. In the experimental planting of large areas of the country, showing high-yielding, high-quality and multi-resistance and other properties, with an average yield of up to 11.25 thousand kilograms per hectare. (10) in November 1995, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Plant Protection, Shandong University, Department of Biology, co-bred the world's first anti-barley dwarf virus, a genetically modified wheat varieties. (目前，我国已研制成功的智能机器人主要有：核工业移动作业机器人；壁面爬行机器人；室外恶劣环境下工作的移动机器人；水下1000米和6000米无缆机器人…… ——激光技术(23) 经过10余年的研究，我国在X光、氧碘化学激光、自由电子激光、高功率固体钛玻璃激光和准分子激光方面的研究达到或接近国际先进水平。 - Intelligent Robot (22) At present, China has successfully developed an intelligent robot are: the nuclear industry mobile robot; wall crawling robot; outdoor work under the harsh environment of mobile robot; 1000 meters and 6000 meters underwater No cable robot ... ... - Laser Technology (23) After more than 10 years of research, our X-ray, oxygen-iodine chemical laser, free electron laser, high-power solid-state Ti-glass laser and excimer laser research reach or approach international advanced level. ——三大高能物理研究装置(24) 80年代，我国陆续建设了三大高能物理研究装置——北京正负电子对撞机、兰州重离子加速器和合肥同步辐射装置。 - The three high-energy physics research facility (24) 80 years, China gradually built three high-energy physics research facility - Beijing Electron Positron Collider, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Accelerator and Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Facility. ——新材料技术(25) 继美国、德国等少数国家后，我国科学家研制出了微合金钢。 - New materials technology (25) Following the United States, Germany and a few other countries, the Chinese scientists have developed a micro-alloyed steel. (26) 我国现已能够拉制出直径为300毫米、重量达81公斤的大直径硅单晶。 (26) China is now able to drawn out of a diameter of 300 mm, weighing about 81 kilograms of the large-diameter silicon crystal. 实际信息写入处于国际领先水平。 The actual information is written at the international advanced level. (27) 能源、陶瓷、超导等材料方面的性能达到世界先进水平。 (27) Energy, ceramics, superconducting materials such as the performance reached the world advanced level. 四、两弹一星及航天技术——两弹一星(28) 1964年10月16日，我国第一颗原子弹爆炸成功，全世界为之震惊；1967年，我国第一颗氢弹爆炸成功。 Fourth, missiles plus one satellite and space technology - missiles plus one satellite (28) October 16, 1964, China's first atomic bomb was detonated successfully, the world was shocked; in 1967, China's first hydrogen bomb was detonated successfully . 这是我国著名的“两弹”。 This was the famous "two bombs." 而在1970年4月24日，我国第一颗人造卫星唱着《东方红》飞出地球，进入了太空。 In the April 24, 1970, China's first artificial satellite was singing "East is Red" flying out of the Earth, into space. 自此，“两弹一星”被写入新中国科技史册。 Since then, the "missiles plus one satellite" is written history of new China Science and Technology. (29) 1960年，中国第一枚近程地对地导弹研制成功。 (29) in 1960, China's first successful development of a short-range surface to surface missiles. ——长征系列火箭(30) 60年代初我国就开始了研制大型运载火箭技术。 - Changzheng rockets (30) 60 started in the early development of China's large-scale launch vehicle technology. 1980年5 月，向太平洋海域发射大型运载火箭圆满成功，标志着我国运载火箭技术达到了一个新的水平。 In May 1980, the Pacific Ocean to the success of launching large-scale carrier rocket, marking China's launch vehicle technology has reached a new level. (31) 1981年9月20日，我国首次使用一枚大型火箭将3颗不同用途的卫星送入地球轨道，成功地实现了一箭多星的壮举。 (31) September 20, 1981, China's first use of a large rockets will be three different uses of the satellite into Earth orbit, successfully realized multi-satellite feat. (32) 根据航天运载的需要，我国研制成功了“长征一号”、“ 长征二号”、“长征三号”、“长征四号”等4种“长征”系列火箭。 (32) According to the space transportation needs, China successfully developed the "long march on the 1st", "long march II", "long march on the 3rd", "long march on the 4th" and 4 "long march" series of rockets. 目前，我国的长征火箭家族已发展为有9种型号的火箭系列，使国外认识到中国航天的运载能力和水平，标志着中国航天技术具有坚实的基础。 At present, China has developed into a long march rocket family, there are nine kinds of models of rocket series, so that foreign countries recognize China's space launch capability and level, marking China's space technology has a solid foundation. ——人造地球卫星(33) 1970年4月24日，我国进行了首次人造地球卫星的发射，成功地将第一颗卫星送入预定轨道。 - Man-made earth satellite (33) April 24, 1970, China carried out its first artificial earth satellite launched successfully the first satellite into orbit. 1972年3月3日，我国又发射了第二颗科学技术试验卫星。 March 3, 1972, China has launched a second stars of science and technology experiment satellite. 1975年11月16日，中国第一颗返回式遥感卫星发射成功。 November 16, 1975, China's first remote sensing satellite was successfully launched.

5, energy technology - the peaceful use of nuclear energy (34) in October 1966, China's first successful test launch of missiles and nuclear weapons. (35) 。 (35) in August 1971, China's own production of the first nuclear-powered submarine was launched. (36) (36) in June 1958, with the help of the former Soviet Union, China built its first experimental nuclear reactor.站。 Qingshan Nuclear Power Station is located in Zhejiang Province, is China's self-designed and built the first nuclear power plant.。 It uses the world's technology is mature, safe and reliable pressurized water reactor type, and use proven safety design standards. 。 In 1984 commenced in December 1991 was completed and the first grid. To date, China already has two Qinshan and the Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station, the State intends to build in the near future another four nuclear power projects. (37) (37) In addition, China has also developed several other nuclear reactor: 1, Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University has successfully developed nuclear power 5 MW nuclear heating reactor; 2.60 million kilowatts of advanced pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant AC600, are now in China Research and Design Institute of Nuclear Power Development; 3,10-megawatt Experimental Reactor HTR research and development of nuclear energy and Design Institute of Tsinghua University is currently being carried out; 4, fast breeder reactor nuclear power plant is expected to put into commercial operation by 2020; 5, fusion reactor nuclear power plant manufacturers since 1958, is now included in the "863 Program- Other new energy sources (38) magneto-hydrodynamic generator began to study since the 60's, 80's has established three research base with a certain scale, at present that this project has been included in the "863 Program", plans to build a 2 turn of the century megawatt coal-fired MHD-steam combined cycle generating an experimental device. (39) 。 (39) solar power development started in 1958, currently there are about 38 units and universities involved in photovoltaic research and development work. Since 1976, commercial production since the ground with solar cells, it is now a total of 12 on the ground with solar cell production line or factory. (40) (40) wind power generation in the three northern regions and the southeast coast of the North and the Islands the rapid development of Rongcheng City, Shandong Province in 1986 the introduction of three generating units, the composition of China's first wind power station, completed in 1991 together with the German wind power generation in Zhejiang Sheng Si station construction and power generation are functioning perfectly. (41) (41) biomass energy source is the Chinese government has taken in recent years, "site-specific, multi-can complement each other, rational use, Cost-effective" policy, vigorously develop rural energy, and has achieved significant results. (42) (42), geothermal energy, the China's Tibet region has been completed using the Yangbajing geothermal power geothermal power plants, generating capacity of 2.7 million kilowatts. (43)(43) China's southeast coastal areas, a few blocks to build experimental tidal power station, installed capacity of 40-640 kW.

。 6, scientific investigation - the Qinghai-Tibet Scientific Expedition (44) from the 60's, our country's scientific expedition to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region activities have been without interruption. 察 60-70 Mount Everest region of two years and 70 years of scientific investigation, Chinese Academy of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Comprehensive Scientific Expedition Team of the Tibet Autonomous Region has conducted a comprehensive and systematic study, a total of 46 published 56 books. Since 1973, several generations of Chinese scientists have carried out eight times to visit the Grand Canyon scientific investigation, for the formation of the Grand Canyon history, resources and environment and its relationship with the interrelationship between human and natural resources, a new understanding. 次 - Deep-sea and polar scientific investigation (45) in 1970, "Xiang Yang Hong 5, the" ship to the Pacific Ocean for the first time a comprehensive survey of specific ocean areas, access to marine gravity, magnetic, water depth, geology, hydrology and other valuable information on multi-disciplinary.In May 1980, "Xiang Yang Hong 5" ship went to the Pacific Ocean carry out its mandate, in order to explore the "El Nino" phenomenon, China's marine industry, national defense building and to make a contribution to the international maritime cooperation. (46) (46) the mid-80s, China began to polar expedition. December 30, 1984, China's first Antarctic expedition team on board George Island, the establishment of China Antarctic Great Wall Station, February 20, 1985 completion. September 26, 1989, the Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan standing on the completion of the Antarctic continent. (47 (47) in June 1999, China's first went to visit the North Pole. Examine fossils (48) 1984-1995, China's scientists have found a large quantity in Yunnan Chengjiang fauna fossils reveal unexpected biological evolution to the traditional "evolutionary theory" as the representative of the Darwinian theory of evolution has posed a challenge known by the international scientific community: the 20th century, one of the most striking findings. In 1997, Chinese scientists visit Precambrian Weng'an in Guizhou phosphorus strata, found in a large number of micro-multi-cellular animals and礤embryo fossils, the origin of the animals time to move forward 5000 years, once again made an early animal studies a major breakthrough. Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project (50) Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project is a natural sciences and social and human sciences combined to solve the problem of large-scale projects Chronology of three generations. Project sets up 9 topics, 40 topics, 170 scholars Following a joint investigation in the literature, science, astronomy, archeology and ancient philology and achieved fruitful results, these achievements will be the 21st century, a new study of ancient Chinese civilization, starting point. Scientific and technological achievements in these fields recall it was not exhaustive. In the long river of human history, 50 years is just a short moment, while the China Science and Technology for 50 years is looking for wealthy and strong country in the process, with indelible achievements. 。 Chinese science and technology have gone through 50 years, it will create a more brilliant 50 years.

October 1, 1949 establishment of the PRC. Since then, Chinese people have stood up.

。 1951, Tibet was peacefully liberated in 1952 victory in the Korean War.

1964, China successfully detonated its first atomic bomb in 1967, the success of China's first hydrogen bomb test in 1968, China's self-designed Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge Railway Bridge was opened to traffic in 1970 launched the first artificial Earth satellite, and a smooth return to the ground in 1971 China resumed its legitimate seat at the United Nations in 1972 Nixon visit to China, Sino-US diplomatic relations in 1976 smashing of the "Gang of Four", ending 10 years of unrest in China.

1977 college entrance examination in 1978 to restore the Party's Third Plenum was convened, marking the focus shifted to socialist modernization, opened a prelude to China's reform and opening up.

Contract responsibility system in 1978. The liberation of the productive forces in rural areas.

In 1981 the victory of the river closure Gezhouba project closure in 1982, Deng Xiaoping put forward the "one country two systems" concept in 1983 China's first super computer was born in 1984 after the founding of the first to participate in the twenty-third session of the Olympic Games, has made outstanding achievements in 1985 China's first an Antarctic research station built in 1986 to implement the "863" program in 1988 a Chinese nuclear submarine underwater launch of a rocket in 1989 normalization of Sino-Soviet relations in 1994, the Three Gorges Project formally began. Transection of the world renowned Three Gorges Dam Yangtze River, tied black dragon. Now the Three Gorges Project has been successfully achieved water, navigation, power generation, the goal of its enormous social and economic benefits become increasingly apparent in 1997 Hong Kong's smooth reunification with the motherland December 20, 1999, Macao's smooth return to the motherland in 2001 Beijing's successful bid in 2001, China officially joined the World Trade Organization to accelerate China's opening up, improve the socialist market economy, and make it international.

。 In 2003, China's first manned space flight, Shenzhou V "manned spacecraft safely landed China's first manned space flight was a complete success. And in 2005 10 launch of the" Shenzhou VI "manned spacecraft.

， The railway into Tibet: Tibet Railway under construction has been fully realized the roof of the world one step short history of Tibet in the 28th Olympic Games in 2004 athletes at the Olympic Games in China to achieve outstanding results solve the problem of food and clothing 1.3 billion people, basically realized well-off level,

China's GDP: 13 years across the 10 trillion yuan level, overall national strength increased